бегали около 5-9 км в полной выкладке по утрам (как командосам вздумается) никаких проблем не было. когда уже был офицером, побежал со своим взводом на стрельбище (4,5 км) полвзвода обблевалось. всех зачморил (если кто на форуме есть из моих подчиненных - им привет!) бежали самые здоровые неся на себе самых слабых. проблем не было. когда мы были курсантами - проблем не было тоже.viktorko написал(а):
Российская армия: возрождение или деградация (обсуждение статьи)
- Автор темы Михаил Александрович 1
- Дата начала
- Статус
marinel
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Viktorko, (умоляюще) я стараюсь, стараюсь. :grin:viktorko написал(а):marinel написал(а):
marinel, так народ (по крайней мере, Ваш покорный слуга) тому и удивляется - как Вы, вовсе не служившая, знаете такие подробности, причем знаете их "изнутри".
Но насчет "6 км - только бегом" - Вы, похоже, ошиблись. Почитайте внимательно приведенную мной ссылку (там и скан страницы из соответствующего Наставления есть).
ЗЫ: (умоляюще) и запятые, запятые...Это же непатриотично - плевать на правила родного языка, причем - с особым цинизмом.
Я наверно для вас открою секрет, что в РВВДКУ и 70 км. за день - норма марш-броска (от училища до их полевого лагеря), зимой то же самое на лыжах. (Знаю со слов друзей там служивших)
То что народ и вы удивляетесь, это хорошо, значит мне есть чем вас удивить. :OK-)
Добавлено спустя 1 минуту 30 секунд:
Dron, а что, снятие с "дохлых" автоматов и вещмешков не помогло?dron написал(а):
dron, разумеется, если командир решит, то и 50 км побежишь (если добежишь).
Я о том, что (как мне кажется):
а) нет такого формального (включенного в Наставления) упражнения, как "бег с полной выкладкой на дистанцию 6 км"
б) есть такое формальное упражнение как "марш-бросок на дистанцию 6 км"
в) марш-бросок подразумевает ускоренное передвижение, выполняемое в виде чередования бега и ходьбы.
Я о том, что (как мне кажется):
а) нет такого формального (включенного в Наставления) упражнения, как "бег с полной выкладкой на дистанцию 6 км"
б) есть такое формальное упражнение как "марш-бросок на дистанцию 6 км"
в) марш-бросок подразумевает ускоренное передвижение, выполняемое в виде чередования бега и ходьбы.
вот еще о возрождении наших ввс: В Военно-воздушных силах России с 5 декабря не выполняются полеты самолетов МиГ-29, поскольку до сих пор не установлена причина катастрофы истребителя в Забайкалье в 5 км от аэродрома "Домна", сообщил начальник службы безопасности полетов авиации Вооруженных сил РФ генерал-лейтенант Сергей Байнетов. В результате ЧП погиб заместитель командира эскадрильи военный летчик 2-го класса подполковник Валерьян Кокорев. Расследование произошедшего планируется завершить в феврале. Выяснилось, что МиГ-29 рухнул на землю в результате разрушения киля самолета в воздухе из-за коррозии. "А причина коррозии еще не выявлена", - уточнил генерал Байнетов. Исследованием обломков разбившейся машины занимается 13-й институт Минобороны в подмосковных Люберцах.
а что, это должном было помочь?marinel написал(а):
были люди, которые и 3 км без нагрузки не могли пробежать бегали 43 км, тока на лыжахviktorko написал(а):
волюнтаристким решением командира не знаю, было ли такое включение, но нас дрыкали - до сих пор икается... и никомуц в голову не приходило заглянуть в НФП-93..viktorko написал(а):
да черт его знает... никто на НФП не смотрел. прокосячились - получите марш-бросок. нет - все равно держитеviktorko написал(а):
это точно. +100. тоько ходьбы меньше, чем бегаviktorko написал(а):
Вы как всегда бесподобны...marinel написал(а):
Снова далеко идущие выводы (не имеющие под собой никаких оснований и не соответствующие действительности) и бездна пафоса. Служил же я ровно столько сколько требовал закон о всеобщей воинской обязанности, действовавший на июнь 1990 года...
alexis
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zam89 написал(а):
в книгу рекордов гиннеса занесут...
Daywalker
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Чистосердечные признания вице-премьера
Говорить о наращивании потенциала ракетно-космической промышленности бесполезно
http://nvo.ng.ru/realty/2009-01-30/1_pr ... html?mpril
Говорить о наращивании потенциала ракетно-космической промышленности бесполезно
http://nvo.ng.ru/realty/2009-01-30/1_pr ... html?mpril
Barbudos
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Сколько там сейчас крутится аппаратов? Один позавчера сдох. Осталось 18? Я уже в соседней ветке привел данные: с начала реализации программы в 82-м году запущено 114 (!) спутников Глонасс. 38 "Протонов".Daywalker написал(а):
Это называется: "Не можешь с....ть - не мучай ж.....у"
В Глонассе сейчас 20 спутников.Никто пока не "сдыхал".Периодически проходят"техобслуживание",т.е . с ними работают наземные службы,отрабатывают свои задачи,т.к. система ещё не введена в эксплуатацию.По нашей "конторе" сомнений ,что в этом году группировку доведут до рабочего состояния-нет.Если кто-то считает,что вообще не надо было делать Глонасс-то ,пожалуйста,обоснуйте.Но не забывайте,что это элемент стратегической безопасности.Коммерческая составляющая-это" номер шестнадцатый".
Кстати, можно посмотреть наши нынешние "сухпаи":
http://opkomplekt.ru/Production/Battle/ ... fault.aspx
Честно говоря, был приятно удивлен многообразием видов пайков и качеством упаковки. У меня дома лежит ИРП-П-5 (по мастер-упаковке и составу похож на ИРП-П-6, только паштет печеночный вместо фарша. Калорийность - 3360 ккал, вес коробки - 1.7 кг.
Могут же, когда захотят, блин.
ЗЫ: и далась им эта перловка! :-bad^
ЗЗЫ: Жвачки, жаль, нет и шоколадку могли бы вместо сахара положить (чай все равно сладкий). Жлобы!
ЗЗЫ: И шкалик грамм на 50 тоже могли бы всунуть, по крайней мере, в боевой рацион.
http://opkomplekt.ru/Production/Battle/ ... fault.aspx
Честно говоря, был приятно удивлен многообразием видов пайков и качеством упаковки. У меня дома лежит ИРП-П-5 (по мастер-упаковке и составу похож на ИРП-П-6, только паштет печеночный вместо фарша. Калорийность - 3360 ккал, вес коробки - 1.7 кг.
Могут же, когда захотят, блин.
ЗЫ: и далась им эта перловка! :-bad^
ЗЗЫ: Жвачки, жаль, нет и шоколадку могли бы вместо сахара положить (чай все равно сладкий). Жлобы!
ЗЗЫ: И шкалик грамм на 50 тоже могли бы всунуть, по крайней мере, в боевой рацион.
Barbudos
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БЧ-5
Из орбитальной группировки ГЛОНАСС выведен еще один спутник, сообщает сайт R&D.CNews со ссылкой на информационно-аналитический центр системы ГЛОНАСС.
Причина прекращения работы аппарата - сбой в системе определения координат. Спутник номер 795 был выведен на орбиту 10 декабря 2003 года. В штатном режиме он работает с 9 января 2004 года.
В настоящее время в орбитальную группировку входит 20 спутников. В рабочем режиме эксплуатируются только 16 из них. Три спутника находятся на техническом обслуживании, а четвертый ожидает ввода в систему.
О трудностях, возникающих при реализации проекта ГЛОНАСС, в понедельник, 26 января, на итоговом заседании коллегии Роскосмоса в Москве рассказал вице-премьер РФ Сергей Иванов. Он отметил, что управление программой ГЛОНАСС и деятельность государственных заказчиков при ее реализации являются неэффективными.
Что касается покрытия ГЛОНАСС, то при 17 работающих спутниках Сибирь была обеспечена сигналом почти полностью, а Дальний Восток и европейская часть России - на 92-97 процентов. Такие цифры назвал в конце января источник агентства "Интерфакс" на космодроме Байконур
http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/01/27/glonass/
Добавлено спустя 4 минуты 18 секунд:
Это для того, чтобы меня никто в голословных обвинениях не упрекал, по поводу "надежности" Глонасса:
Article Number: 11F654. Code Name: Uragan. Class: Navigation. Destination: Medium Earth Orbit. Nation: Russia. Agency: RVSN. Manufacturer: Reshetnev.
Glonass was a Soviet space-based navigation system comparable to the American GPS system.
At the end of the 1960's the military identified a need for a Satellite Radio Navigation System (SRNS) for use in precision guidance of the planned new generation of ballistic missiles. The existing Tsiklon satellite navigation system could not be used for this purpose; it required several minutes of observation by the receiving station to fix a position. What was needed were navigation satellites of a new generation with autonomous orbit correction.
In 1968 to 1969 research institutes of the Ministry of Defense, Academy of Sciences, and Soviet Navy worked together to establish a single solution for air, land, sea, and space forces. This resulted in a 1970 TTT requirements document that established the requirements for such a system. After further basic research in December 1976 a decree was issued by the Soviet state for establishment of the YeKNS/GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System. The schedule was revised in August 1979 and July 1981. Technical specification were set by a review commission in August 1976. The draft project was completed in 1977-1978. A September 1978 state commission reviewed the draft TTZ specification, which was completed in November 1978. This consolidated the requirements of the Ministry of Defense and eight other ministries (civil aviation, commercial shipping, etc.).
The decree of 29 August 1979 scheduled flight trials of 4 to 6 prototypes in 1981, preliminary acceptance of a 10-12 satellite constellation by 1984, and operation of the complete 24 satellite system by the end of 1987. Reshetnev at NPO PM was responsible for the complete satellite, with PO Radiopribor MOM under N Ye Ivanov providing the control, communications, and housekeeping systems. LNRII MRP under Yu G Guzhra built the navigation-timing system. Actual flight trials began in October 1982 with the launch of two mass dummies aboard a Proton booster. This was followed by a total of 22 spacecraft by the end of 1987, and 31 by the end of 1989.
Two Etalon geodetic satellites were also flown in the 19,100 km GLONASS orbit to fully characterize the gravitational field at the planned altitude and inclination.
The GLONASS signals were also used by many Western GPS receivers as a complement/backup to the GPS system itself. The operational system contained 21 satellites in 3 orbital planes, with 3 on-orbit spares. Glonass provided 100 meters accuracy with its C/A (deliberately degraded) signals and 10-20 meter accuracy with its P (military) signals. The spacecraft was 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing and had dual solar arrays. The payload included L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals in 2 frequency bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz. EIRP 25 to 27 dBW, right hand circular polarized. On-board cesium clocks provided time accuracy to 1000 nanoseconds.
Design Life: 1 to 2 years. Typical orbit: 19,100 km circular, 64.8 deg inclination, 8 day re. Mass: 1,370 kg (3,020 lb).
Glonass Chronology
* 1976 December 1 - GLONASS system development authorised. -
Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On Expansion of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Single Space Navigation System--development of GLONASS' was issued.
* 1982 October 12 - Cosmos 1413 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,062 km (11,844 mi). Apogee: 19,076 km (11,853 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 673.30 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1982 October 12 - Cosmos 1414 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,028 km (11,823 mi). Apogee: 19,230 km (11,940 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1982 October 12 - Cosmos 1415 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 673.00 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 August 10 - Cosmos 1491 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 18,863 km (11,720 mi). Apogee: 19,028 km (11,823 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 668.40 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 August 10 - Cosmos 1492 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Apogee: 19,159 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 676.80 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 August 10 - Cosmos 1490 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,160 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 December 29 - Cosmos 1519 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,108 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 December 29 - Cosmos 1520 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,075 km (11,852 mi). Apogee: 19,185 km (11,920 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 December 29 - Cosmos 1521 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 18,992 km (11,801 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 673.40 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1984 May 19 - Cosmos 1554 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,159 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 May 19 - Cosmos 1555 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,158 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 May 19 - Cosmos 1556 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,129 km (11,886 mi). Apogee: 19,161 km (11,906 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 676.30 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 September 4 - Cosmos 1593 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,090 km (11,860 mi). Apogee: 19,170 km (11,910 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 September 4 - Cosmos 1594 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,145 km (11,896 mi). Apogee: 19,188 km (11,922 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 677.20 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 September 4 - Cosmos 1595 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,079 km (11,855 mi). Apogee: 19,178 km (11,916 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 May 17 - Cosmos 1650 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,081 km (11,856 mi). Apogee: 19,177 km (11,916 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 May 17 - Cosmos 1651 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,111 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.60 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 May 17 - Cosmos 1652 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,155 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.90 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 December 24 - Cosmos 1712 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Apogee: 19,154 km (11,901 mi). Inclination: 65.20 deg. Period: 676.30 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 December 24 - Cosmos 1711 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,108 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 66.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 December 24 - Cosmos 1710 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 66.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1986 September 16 - Cosmos 1778 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,121 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,138 km (11,891 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1986 September 16 - Cosmos 1779 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,125 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1986 September 16 - Cosmos 1780 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,147 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1987 April 24 - Cosmos 1838 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 140 km (80 mi). Apogee: 10,401 km (6,462 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 208.50 min.
Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure
* 1987 April 24 - Cosmos 1839 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 137 km (85 mi). Apogee: 9,694 km (6,023 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 199.10 min.
Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure
* 1987 April 24 - Cosmos 1840 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 125 km (77 mi). Apogee: 4,362 km (2,710 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 132.80 min.
Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure
* 1987 September 16 - Cosmos 1885 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1987 September 16 - Cosmos 1884 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,157 km (11,903 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1987 September 16 - Cosmos 1883 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1918 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 166 km (103 mi). Apogee: 194 km (120 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.90 min.
Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1917 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 134 km (83 mi). Apogee: 152 km (94 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.30 min.
Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1919 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1918 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1919 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 166 km (103 mi). Apogee: 194 km (120 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.90 min.
Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.
* 1988 May 21 - Cosmos 1948 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,127 km (11,884 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 66.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels.
* 1988 May 21 - Cosmos 1947 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,117 km (11,878 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels.
* 1988 May 21 - Cosmos 1946 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,109 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels.
* 1988 September 16 - Cosmos 1970 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1988 September 16 - Cosmos 1971 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,157 km (11,903 mi). Inclination: 65.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1988 September 16 - Cosmos 1972 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,123 km (11,882 mi). Apogee: 19,136 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1989 January 10 - Cosmos 1988 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,111 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,147 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1989 January 10 - Cosmos 1987 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1989 May 31 - Cosmos 2023 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,091 km (11,862 mi). Apogee: 19,169 km (11,911 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1989 May 31 - Cosmos 2022 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1990 May 19 - Cosmos 2080 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,113 km (11,876 mi). Apogee: 19,145 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 65.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1990 May 19 - Cosmos 2081 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,094 km (11,864 mi). Apogee: 19,164 km (11,907 mi). Inclination: 65.40 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1990 May 19 - Cosmos 2079 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,062 km (11,844 mi). Apogee: 19,195 km (11,927 mi). Inclination: 65.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1990 December 8 - Cosmos 2111 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1990 December 8 - Cosmos 2109 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 18,988 km (11,798 mi). Apogee: 19,271 km (11,974 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1990 December 8 - Cosmos 2110 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,045 km (11,833 mi). Apogee: 19,215 km (11,939 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1991 April 4 - Cosmos 2139 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,098 km (11,866 mi). Apogee: 19,160 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1991 April 4 - Cosmos 2140 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,097 km (11,866 mi). Apogee: 19,161 km (11,906 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1991 April 4 - Cosmos 2141 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,113 km (11,876 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 64.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 January 29 - Cosmos 2177 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 January 29 - Cosmos 2179 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,120 km (11,880 mi). Apogee: 19,140 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 January 29 - Cosmos 2178 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,087 km (11,860 mi). Apogee: 19,171 km (11,912 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 July 30 - Cosmos 2205 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,118 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 63.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 July 30 - Cosmos 2206 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,106 km (11,871 mi). Apogee: 19,154 km (11,901 mi). Inclination: 63.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 July 30 - Cosmos 2204 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 3. Put into service on 30 July 1992 and taken out of service on 4 August 1997.
* 1993 February 17 - Cosmos 2234 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,106 km (11,871 mi). Apogee: 19,152 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1993 February 17 - Cosmos 2235 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,115 km (11,877 mi). Apogee: 19,144 km (11,895 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 1. Put into service on 25 August 1993 and taken out of service on 4 August 1997.
* 1993 February 17 - Cosmos 2236 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,104 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 1. Put into service on 14 March 1993 and taken out of service on 23 August 1997.
* 1994 April 11 - Cosmos 2276 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,044 km (11,833 mi). Apogee: 19,216 km (11,940 mi). Inclination: 64.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite.
* 1994 April 11 - Cosmos 2277 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,103 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,157 km (11,903 mi). Inclination: 64.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite.
* 1994 April 11 - Cosmos 2275 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,117 km (11,878 mi). Apogee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 63.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite.
* 1994 August 11 - Cosmos 2288 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,091 km (11,862 mi). Apogee: 19,168 km (11,910 mi). Inclination: 64.81 deg. Period: 675.73 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 August 11 - Cosmos 2289 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,126 km (11,884 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 64.81 deg. Period: 675.73 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 August 11 - Cosmos 2287 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,118 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 November 20 - Cosmos 2294 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,057 km (11,841 mi). Apogee: 19,203 km (11,932 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 November 20 - Cosmos 2295 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,105 km (11,871 mi). Apogee: 19,155 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 November 20 - Cosmos 2296 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,122 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,138 km (11,891 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1995 March 7 - Cosmos 2309 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,094 km (11,864 mi). Apogee: 19,165 km (11,908 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.90 min.
Glonass navigation satellite. Plane 2. Put into service 6 April 1995.
* 1995 March 7 - Cosmos 2307 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1995 March 7 - Cosmos 2308 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,115 km (11,877 mi). Apogee: 19,145 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 63.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1995 July 24 - Cosmos 2316 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,093 km (11,863 mi). Apogee: 19,167 km (11,909 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Constellation 2. Put into service 26 August 1995.
* 1995 July 24 - Cosmos 2317 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,089 km (11,861 mi). Apogee: 19,171 km (11,912 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Constellation 2. Put into service 25 August 1995.
* 1995 July 24 - Cosmos 2318 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,054 km (11,839 mi). Apogee: 19,206 km (11,934 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Constellation 2. Put into service 22 August 1995.
* 1995 December 14 - Cosmos 2323 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,095 km (11,865 mi). Apogee: 19,165 km (11,908 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite. Constellation 2. Put into service 18 January 1996.
* 1995 December 14 - Cosmos 2325 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,147 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite. Constellation 2. Put into service 18 January 1996.
* 1995 December 14 - Cosmos 2324 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Apogee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite. Constellation 2. Still in reserve as of August 1997.
* 1998 December 30 - Cosmos 2362 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,115 km (11,877 mi). Apogee: 19,134 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 1998 December 30 - Cosmos 2363 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,122 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,126 km (11,884 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 1998 December 30 - Cosmos 2364 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,125 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,127 km (11,884 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2000 July 26 - Russia seeks help to keep GLONASS network operating -
Russia invited China to participate in financing a new group of Glonass satellites. An operational system would require 24 satellites to be in operation. However by mid-2000 there were only 14 satellites available, and only nine fully operating. The system would require 1.5 billion rubles a year to operate and replenish the satellite constellaton.
* 2000 October 13 - Cosmos 2375 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,126 km (11,884 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2000 October 13 - Cosmos 2374 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,124 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,136 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.60 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three navigation satellites for the GLONASS system were launched by a single Proton-K/Blok DM-2 upper stage into an initial 160 km x 64.8 deg parking orbit. The Blok DM-2 made two burns to maneuver into a 19120 x 19120 km x 64.8 deg orbit and deployed the three satellites about four hours after launch.
* 2000 October 13 - Cosmos 2376 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,034 km (11,827 mi). Apogee: 19,225 km (11,945 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2001 December 1 - Cosmos 2380 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,114 km (11,876 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three navigation satellites of the GLONASS system were launched to replenish the constellation. This was the second end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.
* 2001 December 1 - Cosmos 2381 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,074 km (11,852 mi). Apogee: 19,185 km (11,920 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
* 2001 December 1 - Cosmos 2382 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 19,104 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
First launch of the Uragan-M improved model GLONASS satellite.
* 2002 December 25 - Cosmos 2394 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,124 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,136 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three navigation satellites of the GLONASS system were launched to replenish the constellation. This was the third end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.
* 2002 December 25 - Cosmos 2395 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Apogee: 19,335 km (12,014 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 679.80 min.
* 2002 December 25 - Cosmos 2396 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 18,915 km (11,753 mi). Apogee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 671.60 min.
* 2003 December 10 - Cosmos 2402 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,018 km (11,817 mi). Apogee: 19,314 km (12,001 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 677.20 min.
Three navigation satellites of the GLONASS system were launched to replenish the constellation. This was the fourth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.
* 2003 December 10 - Cosmos 2403 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 18,963 km (11,783 mi). Apogee: 19,102 km (11,869 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 671.90 min.
* 2003 December 10 - Cosmos 2404 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 18,961 km (11,781 mi). Apogee: 19,104 km (11,870 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 671.90 min.
Improved version of the Glonass satellite.
* 2004 December 26 - Cosmos 2411 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min.
Three Russian navigation satellites orbited in a single launch. Two of the satellites (s/n 796 and 797) were standard Uragan satellites, while s/n 712 had an uprated Glonass-M payload. This was the fifth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.
* 2004 December 26 - Cosmos 2412 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min.
* 2004 December 26 - Cosmos 2413 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min.
* 2005 December 25 - Cosmos 2417 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
The Block D upper stage delivered three GLONASS navigation satellites into their planned orbits at 08:39 GMT. These satellites were placed in GLONASS orbit plane 3. The satellites had an extended seven-year service life compared to earlier models. This was the sixth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000. When operational they brought the total of operational GLONASS SVs in orbit to 16. The launch was part of a Russian government-funded program to replenish and expand the Glonass constellation to at least 18 operating satellites satellites by 2007 (compared to 14 satellites at the end of 2005). In 2006 launch of a new Glonass satellite design with a ten-year service was planned.
* 2005 December 25 - Cosmos 2418 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2005 December 25 - Cosmos 2419 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2006 December 24 - Cosmos 2424 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 2,480 kg (5,460 lb).
Three Glonass satellites are lofted in a single launch in support of restoring the Glonass navigation satellite constellation to full military and commercial functionality. They were placed in Glonass orbit plane 2, beginning its population. At the time of launch the constellation consisted of 11 operational spacecraft, and five more on-orbit spares. A fully operational constellation would consist of 24 satellites - eight in each of three orbital planes. Only two planes were populated by 2006 - the full complement of 24 satellites was not to be reached until 2009. This was the first launch to repopulate plane 2; planes 1 and 3 had satellites operational.
* 2006 December 24 - Cosmos 2425 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 2,480 kg (5,460 lb).
* 2006 December 24 - Cosmos 2426 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 2,480 kg (5,460 lb).
* 2007 October 26 - Cosmos 2433 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,121 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Set to operational; plane/slot 3/19, frequency channel 3 on 25 November.
* 2007 October 26 - Cosmos 2432 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,121 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Set to operational; plane/slot 3/20, frequency channel 2 on 27 November.
* 2007 October 26 - Cosmos 2431 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,128 km (11,885 mi). Apogee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three Uragan-M satellites were launched to replenish the Glonass navigation system, placed in GLONASS orbit plane 3. Cosmos 2431 set to operational on 4 December; plane/slot 3/17, frequency channel -1
* 2007 December 25 - Cosmos 2436 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
* 2007 December 25 - Cosmos 2437 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,123 km (11,882 mi). Apogee: 19,137 km (11,891 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three GLONASS-M satellites lofted in a single launch - inserted in GLONASS orbit plane 2. This was the second launch to populate this plane.
* 2007 December 25 - Cosmos 2435 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,081 km (11,856 mi). Apogee: 19,179 km (11,917 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Bibliography:
* McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page (launch records), Harvard University, 1997-present. Web Address when accessed: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.
* JPL Mission and Spacecraft Library, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1997. Web Address when accessed: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/home.html.
* Kaesmann, Ferdinand, et. al., Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, "Proton - Development of A Russian Launch Vehicle", 1998, Volume 51, page 3.
* Voevodin, Sergey A, VSA072 - Space Apparatus, "Sergey A. Voevodin's Reports", Web Address when accessed: http://home.attbi.com/~rusaerog/spacecraft.html.
* Vladimirov, A, Novosti kosmonavtiki, "Tablitsa zapuskov RN 'Proton' i 'Proton K'", 1998, Issue 10, page 25.
* NASA GSFC Orbital Parameters,
* McDowell, Jonathan, Launch Log, October 1998. Web Address when accessed: http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~jcm/space/log/launch.html.
* National Space Science Center Planetary Page, As of 19 February 1999.. Web Address when accessed: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/pl ... _home.html.
* Chen Lan, Dragon in Space, Web Address when accessed: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/.
* Melnik, T G, Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Siliy, Nauka, Moscow, 1997..
* Siddiqi, Asif A, The Soviet Space Race With Apollo, University Press of Florida, 2003.
* NASA/GSFC Orbital Information Group Website, Web Address when accessed: http://oig1.gsfc.nasa.gov/.
* Space-Launcher.com, Orbital Report News Agency. Web Address when accessed: http://www.orbireport.com/Log.html.
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UFO DNA
breaking the UFO code
Glonass
Добавлено спустя 18 минут 55 секунд:
Между прочим, на "Космос 1413" была моя подпись - расписался по традиции на изделии первого пуска. Карандашом "Конструктор 2М". :grin: Надеюсь, это не повлияло на неуспех....
БЧ-5 написал(а):
Из орбитальной группировки ГЛОНАСС выведен еще один спутник, сообщает сайт R&D.CNews со ссылкой на информационно-аналитический центр системы ГЛОНАСС.
Причина прекращения работы аппарата - сбой в системе определения координат. Спутник номер 795 был выведен на орбиту 10 декабря 2003 года. В штатном режиме он работает с 9 января 2004 года.
В настоящее время в орбитальную группировку входит 20 спутников. В рабочем режиме эксплуатируются только 16 из них. Три спутника находятся на техническом обслуживании, а четвертый ожидает ввода в систему.
О трудностях, возникающих при реализации проекта ГЛОНАСС, в понедельник, 26 января, на итоговом заседании коллегии Роскосмоса в Москве рассказал вице-премьер РФ Сергей Иванов. Он отметил, что управление программой ГЛОНАСС и деятельность государственных заказчиков при ее реализации являются неэффективными.
Что касается покрытия ГЛОНАСС, то при 17 работающих спутниках Сибирь была обеспечена сигналом почти полностью, а Дальний Восток и европейская часть России - на 92-97 процентов. Такие цифры назвал в конце января источник агентства "Интерфакс" на космодроме Байконур
http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/01/27/glonass/
Добавлено спустя 4 минуты 18 секунд:
Это для того, чтобы меня никто в голословных обвинениях не упрекал, по поводу "надежности" Глонасса:
Article Number: 11F654. Code Name: Uragan. Class: Navigation. Destination: Medium Earth Orbit. Nation: Russia. Agency: RVSN. Manufacturer: Reshetnev.
Glonass was a Soviet space-based navigation system comparable to the American GPS system.
At the end of the 1960's the military identified a need for a Satellite Radio Navigation System (SRNS) for use in precision guidance of the planned new generation of ballistic missiles. The existing Tsiklon satellite navigation system could not be used for this purpose; it required several minutes of observation by the receiving station to fix a position. What was needed were navigation satellites of a new generation with autonomous orbit correction.
In 1968 to 1969 research institutes of the Ministry of Defense, Academy of Sciences, and Soviet Navy worked together to establish a single solution for air, land, sea, and space forces. This resulted in a 1970 TTT requirements document that established the requirements for such a system. After further basic research in December 1976 a decree was issued by the Soviet state for establishment of the YeKNS/GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System. The schedule was revised in August 1979 and July 1981. Technical specification were set by a review commission in August 1976. The draft project was completed in 1977-1978. A September 1978 state commission reviewed the draft TTZ specification, which was completed in November 1978. This consolidated the requirements of the Ministry of Defense and eight other ministries (civil aviation, commercial shipping, etc.).
The decree of 29 August 1979 scheduled flight trials of 4 to 6 prototypes in 1981, preliminary acceptance of a 10-12 satellite constellation by 1984, and operation of the complete 24 satellite system by the end of 1987. Reshetnev at NPO PM was responsible for the complete satellite, with PO Radiopribor MOM under N Ye Ivanov providing the control, communications, and housekeeping systems. LNRII MRP under Yu G Guzhra built the navigation-timing system. Actual flight trials began in October 1982 with the launch of two mass dummies aboard a Proton booster. This was followed by a total of 22 spacecraft by the end of 1987, and 31 by the end of 1989.
Two Etalon geodetic satellites were also flown in the 19,100 km GLONASS orbit to fully characterize the gravitational field at the planned altitude and inclination.
The GLONASS signals were also used by many Western GPS receivers as a complement/backup to the GPS system itself. The operational system contained 21 satellites in 3 orbital planes, with 3 on-orbit spares. Glonass provided 100 meters accuracy with its C/A (deliberately degraded) signals and 10-20 meter accuracy with its P (military) signals. The spacecraft was 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointing and had dual solar arrays. The payload included L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals in 2 frequency bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz. EIRP 25 to 27 dBW, right hand circular polarized. On-board cesium clocks provided time accuracy to 1000 nanoseconds.
Design Life: 1 to 2 years. Typical orbit: 19,100 km circular, 64.8 deg inclination, 8 day re. Mass: 1,370 kg (3,020 lb).
Glonass Chronology
* 1976 December 1 - GLONASS system development authorised. -
Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On Expansion of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Single Space Navigation System--development of GLONASS' was issued.
* 1982 October 12 - Cosmos 1413 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,062 km (11,844 mi). Apogee: 19,076 km (11,853 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 673.30 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1982 October 12 - Cosmos 1414 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,028 km (11,823 mi). Apogee: 19,230 km (11,940 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1982 October 12 - Cosmos 1415 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 673.00 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 August 10 - Cosmos 1491 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 18,863 km (11,720 mi). Apogee: 19,028 km (11,823 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 668.40 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 August 10 - Cosmos 1492 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Apogee: 19,159 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 676.80 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 August 10 - Cosmos 1490 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,160 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 December 29 - Cosmos 1519 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,108 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 December 29 - Cosmos 1520 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,075 km (11,852 mi). Apogee: 19,185 km (11,920 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1983 December 29 - Cosmos 1521 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 18,992 km (11,801 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 673.40 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.
* 1984 May 19 - Cosmos 1554 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,159 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 May 19 - Cosmos 1555 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,158 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 May 19 - Cosmos 1556 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,129 km (11,886 mi). Apogee: 19,161 km (11,906 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 676.30 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 September 4 - Cosmos 1593 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,090 km (11,860 mi). Apogee: 19,170 km (11,910 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 September 4 - Cosmos 1594 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,145 km (11,896 mi). Apogee: 19,188 km (11,922 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 677.20 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1984 September 4 - Cosmos 1595 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Perigee: 19,079 km (11,855 mi). Apogee: 19,178 km (11,916 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 May 17 - Cosmos 1650 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,081 km (11,856 mi). Apogee: 19,177 km (11,916 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 May 17 - Cosmos 1651 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,111 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.60 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 May 17 - Cosmos 1652 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,155 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.90 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 December 24 - Cosmos 1712 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Apogee: 19,154 km (11,901 mi). Inclination: 65.20 deg. Period: 676.30 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 December 24 - Cosmos 1711 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,108 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 66.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1985 December 24 - Cosmos 1710 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 66.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1986 September 16 - Cosmos 1778 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,121 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,138 km (11,891 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1986 September 16 - Cosmos 1779 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,125 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1986 September 16 - Cosmos 1780 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,147 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1987 April 24 - Cosmos 1838 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 140 km (80 mi). Apogee: 10,401 km (6,462 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 208.50 min.
Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure
* 1987 April 24 - Cosmos 1839 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 137 km (85 mi). Apogee: 9,694 km (6,023 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 199.10 min.
Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure
* 1987 April 24 - Cosmos 1840 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 125 km (77 mi). Apogee: 4,362 km (2,710 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 132.80 min.
Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure
* 1987 September 16 - Cosmos 1885 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1987 September 16 - Cosmos 1884 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,157 km (11,903 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1987 September 16 - Cosmos 1883 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1918 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 166 km (103 mi). Apogee: 194 km (120 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.90 min.
Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1917 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 134 km (83 mi). Apogee: 152 km (94 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.30 min.
Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1919 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1918 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO.
* 1988 February 17 - Cosmos 1919 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. FAILURE: Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 166 km (103 mi). Apogee: 194 km (120 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.90 min.
Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.
* 1988 May 21 - Cosmos 1948 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,127 km (11,884 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 66.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels.
* 1988 May 21 - Cosmos 1947 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,117 km (11,878 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels.
* 1988 May 21 - Cosmos 1946 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,109 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels.
* 1988 September 16 - Cosmos 1970 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1988 September 16 - Cosmos 1971 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,157 km (11,903 mi). Inclination: 65.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1988 September 16 - Cosmos 1972 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,123 km (11,882 mi). Apogee: 19,136 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1989 January 10 - Cosmos 1988 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,111 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,147 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1989 January 10 - Cosmos 1987 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1989 May 31 - Cosmos 2023 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,091 km (11,862 mi). Apogee: 19,169 km (11,911 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1989 May 31 - Cosmos 2022 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1990 May 19 - Cosmos 2080 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,113 km (11,876 mi). Apogee: 19,145 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 65.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1990 May 19 - Cosmos 2081 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,094 km (11,864 mi). Apogee: 19,164 km (11,907 mi). Inclination: 65.40 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1990 May 19 - Cosmos 2079 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,062 km (11,844 mi). Apogee: 19,195 km (11,927 mi). Inclination: 65.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1990 December 8 - Cosmos 2111 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1990 December 8 - Cosmos 2109 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 18,988 km (11,798 mi). Apogee: 19,271 km (11,974 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1990 December 8 - Cosmos 2110 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,045 km (11,833 mi). Apogee: 19,215 km (11,939 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.
* 1991 April 4 - Cosmos 2139 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,098 km (11,866 mi). Apogee: 19,160 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1991 April 4 - Cosmos 2140 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,097 km (11,866 mi). Apogee: 19,161 km (11,906 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1991 April 4 - Cosmos 2141 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,113 km (11,876 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 64.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 January 29 - Cosmos 2177 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 January 29 - Cosmos 2179 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,120 km (11,880 mi). Apogee: 19,140 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 January 29 - Cosmos 2178 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,087 km (11,860 mi). Apogee: 19,171 km (11,912 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 July 30 - Cosmos 2205 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,118 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 63.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 July 30 - Cosmos 2206 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,106 km (11,871 mi). Apogee: 19,154 km (11,901 mi). Inclination: 63.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1992 July 30 - Cosmos 2204 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 3. Put into service on 30 July 1992 and taken out of service on 4 August 1997.
* 1993 February 17 - Cosmos 2234 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,106 km (11,871 mi). Apogee: 19,152 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet.
* 1993 February 17 - Cosmos 2235 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,115 km (11,877 mi). Apogee: 19,144 km (11,895 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 1. Put into service on 25 August 1993 and taken out of service on 4 August 1997.
* 1993 February 17 - Cosmos 2236 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,104 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 1. Put into service on 14 March 1993 and taken out of service on 23 August 1997.
* 1994 April 11 - Cosmos 2276 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,044 km (11,833 mi). Apogee: 19,216 km (11,940 mi). Inclination: 64.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite.
* 1994 April 11 - Cosmos 2277 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,103 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,157 km (11,903 mi). Inclination: 64.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite.
* 1994 April 11 - Cosmos 2275 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,117 km (11,878 mi). Apogee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 63.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigational satellite.
* 1994 August 11 - Cosmos 2288 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,091 km (11,862 mi). Apogee: 19,168 km (11,910 mi). Inclination: 64.81 deg. Period: 675.73 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 August 11 - Cosmos 2289 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,126 km (11,884 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 64.81 deg. Period: 675.73 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 August 11 - Cosmos 2287 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,118 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 November 20 - Cosmos 2294 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,057 km (11,841 mi). Apogee: 19,203 km (11,932 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 November 20 - Cosmos 2295 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,105 km (11,871 mi). Apogee: 19,155 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1994 November 20 - Cosmos 2296 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,122 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,138 km (11,891 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1995 March 7 - Cosmos 2309 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,094 km (11,864 mi). Apogee: 19,165 km (11,908 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.90 min.
Glonass navigation satellite. Plane 2. Put into service 6 April 1995.
* 1995 March 7 - Cosmos 2307 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1995 March 7 - Cosmos 2308 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,115 km (11,877 mi). Apogee: 19,145 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 63.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite.
* 1995 July 24 - Cosmos 2316 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,093 km (11,863 mi). Apogee: 19,167 km (11,909 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Constellation 2. Put into service 26 August 1995.
* 1995 July 24 - Cosmos 2317 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,089 km (11,861 mi). Apogee: 19,171 km (11,912 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Constellation 2. Put into service 25 August 1995.
* 1995 July 24 - Cosmos 2318 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,054 km (11,839 mi). Apogee: 19,206 km (11,934 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation spacecraft. Constellation 2. Put into service 22 August 1995.
* 1995 December 14 - Cosmos 2323 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,095 km (11,865 mi). Apogee: 19,165 km (11,908 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite. Constellation 2. Put into service 18 January 1996.
* 1995 December 14 - Cosmos 2325 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,147 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite. Constellation 2. Put into service 18 January 1996.
* 1995 December 14 - Cosmos 2324 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Perigee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Apogee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Glonass navigation satellite. Constellation 2. Still in reserve as of August 1997.
* 1998 December 30 - Cosmos 2362 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,115 km (11,877 mi). Apogee: 19,134 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 1998 December 30 - Cosmos 2363 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,122 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,126 km (11,884 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 1998 December 30 - Cosmos 2364 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,125 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,127 km (11,884 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2000 July 26 - Russia seeks help to keep GLONASS network operating -
Russia invited China to participate in financing a new group of Glonass satellites. An operational system would require 24 satellites to be in operation. However by mid-2000 there were only 14 satellites available, and only nine fully operating. The system would require 1.5 billion rubles a year to operate and replenish the satellite constellaton.
* 2000 October 13 - Cosmos 2375 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,126 km (11,884 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2000 October 13 - Cosmos 2374 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,124 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,136 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.60 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three navigation satellites for the GLONASS system were launched by a single Proton-K/Blok DM-2 upper stage into an initial 160 km x 64.8 deg parking orbit. The Blok DM-2 made two burns to maneuver into a 19120 x 19120 km x 64.8 deg orbit and deployed the three satellites about four hours after launch.
* 2000 October 13 - Cosmos 2376 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,034 km (11,827 mi). Apogee: 19,225 km (11,945 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2001 December 1 - Cosmos 2380 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,114 km (11,876 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three navigation satellites of the GLONASS system were launched to replenish the constellation. This was the second end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.
* 2001 December 1 - Cosmos 2381 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,074 km (11,852 mi). Apogee: 19,185 km (11,920 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
* 2001 December 1 - Cosmos 2382 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 19,104 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
First launch of the Uragan-M improved model GLONASS satellite.
* 2002 December 25 - Cosmos 2394 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,124 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,136 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three navigation satellites of the GLONASS system were launched to replenish the constellation. This was the third end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.
* 2002 December 25 - Cosmos 2395 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Apogee: 19,335 km (12,014 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 679.80 min.
* 2002 December 25 - Cosmos 2396 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 18,915 km (11,753 mi). Apogee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 671.60 min.
* 2003 December 10 - Cosmos 2402 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,018 km (11,817 mi). Apogee: 19,314 km (12,001 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 677.20 min.
Three navigation satellites of the GLONASS system were launched to replenish the constellation. This was the fourth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.
* 2003 December 10 - Cosmos 2403 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 18,963 km (11,783 mi). Apogee: 19,102 km (11,869 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 671.90 min.
* 2003 December 10 - Cosmos 2404 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 18,961 km (11,781 mi). Apogee: 19,104 km (11,870 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 671.90 min.
Improved version of the Glonass satellite.
* 2004 December 26 - Cosmos 2411 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min.
Three Russian navigation satellites orbited in a single launch. Two of the satellites (s/n 796 and 797) were standard Uragan satellites, while s/n 712 had an uprated Glonass-M payload. This was the fifth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.
* 2004 December 26 - Cosmos 2412 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min.
* 2004 December 26 - Cosmos 2413 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min.
* 2005 December 25 - Cosmos 2417 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
The Block D upper stage delivered three GLONASS navigation satellites into their planned orbits at 08:39 GMT. These satellites were placed in GLONASS orbit plane 3. The satellites had an extended seven-year service life compared to earlier models. This was the sixth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000. When operational they brought the total of operational GLONASS SVs in orbit to 16. The launch was part of a Russian government-funded program to replenish and expand the Glonass constellation to at least 18 operating satellites satellites by 2007 (compared to 14 satellites at the end of 2005). In 2006 launch of a new Glonass satellite design with a ten-year service was planned.
* 2005 December 25 - Cosmos 2418 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2005 December 25 - Cosmos 2419 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg.
* 2006 December 24 - Cosmos 2424 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 2,480 kg (5,460 lb).
Three Glonass satellites are lofted in a single launch in support of restoring the Glonass navigation satellite constellation to full military and commercial functionality. They were placed in Glonass orbit plane 2, beginning its population. At the time of launch the constellation consisted of 11 operational spacecraft, and five more on-orbit spares. A fully operational constellation would consist of 24 satellites - eight in each of three orbital planes. Only two planes were populated by 2006 - the full complement of 24 satellites was not to be reached until 2009. This was the first launch to repopulate plane 2; planes 1 and 3 had satellites operational.
* 2006 December 24 - Cosmos 2425 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 2,480 kg (5,460 lb).
* 2006 December 24 - Cosmos 2426 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Mass: 2,480 kg (5,460 lb).
* 2007 October 26 - Cosmos 2433 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,121 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Set to operational; plane/slot 3/19, frequency channel 3 on 25 November.
* 2007 October 26 - Cosmos 2432 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,121 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Set to operational; plane/slot 3/20, frequency channel 2 on 27 November.
* 2007 October 26 - Cosmos 2431 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,128 km (11,885 mi). Apogee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three Uragan-M satellites were launched to replenish the Glonass navigation system, placed in GLONASS orbit plane 3. Cosmos 2431 set to operational on 4 December; plane/slot 3/17, frequency channel -1
* 2007 December 25 - Cosmos 2436 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
* 2007 December 25 - Cosmos 2437 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,123 km (11,882 mi). Apogee: 19,137 km (11,891 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Three GLONASS-M satellites lofted in a single launch - inserted in GLONASS orbit plane 2. This was the second launch to populate this plane.
* 2007 December 25 - Cosmos 2435 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Perigee: 19,081 km (11,856 mi). Apogee: 19,179 km (11,917 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min.
Bibliography:
* McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page (launch records), Harvard University, 1997-present. Web Address when accessed: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.
* JPL Mission and Spacecraft Library, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1997. Web Address when accessed: http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/home.html.
* Kaesmann, Ferdinand, et. al., Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, "Proton - Development of A Russian Launch Vehicle", 1998, Volume 51, page 3.
* Voevodin, Sergey A, VSA072 - Space Apparatus, "Sergey A. Voevodin's Reports", Web Address when accessed: http://home.attbi.com/~rusaerog/spacecraft.html.
* Vladimirov, A, Novosti kosmonavtiki, "Tablitsa zapuskov RN 'Proton' i 'Proton K'", 1998, Issue 10, page 25.
* NASA GSFC Orbital Parameters,
* McDowell, Jonathan, Launch Log, October 1998. Web Address when accessed: http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~jcm/space/log/launch.html.
* National Space Science Center Planetary Page, As of 19 February 1999.. Web Address when accessed: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/pl ... _home.html.
* Chen Lan, Dragon in Space, Web Address when accessed: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/.
* Melnik, T G, Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Siliy, Nauka, Moscow, 1997..
* Siddiqi, Asif A, The Soviet Space Race With Apollo, University Press of Florida, 2003.
* NASA/GSFC Orbital Information Group Website, Web Address when accessed: http://oig1.gsfc.nasa.gov/.
* Space-Launcher.com, Orbital Report News Agency. Web Address when accessed: http://www.orbireport.com/Log.html.
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UFO DNA
breaking the UFO code
Glonass
Добавлено спустя 18 минут 55 секунд:
Между прочим, на "Космос 1413" была моя подпись - расписался по традиции на изделии первого пуска. Карандашом "Конструктор 2М". :grin: Надеюсь, это не повлияло на неуспех....
Зашёл на сайт Глонасса.
WWW.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p= ... 054687::NO
Спутник номер 795 штатно работает в системе.Временно выведен на техобслуживание спутник номер 701.На этапе вывода из системы-ни одного.Всего-20.Barbudos написал(а):
WWW.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p= ... 054687::NO
георгий
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Очень часто сталкиваюсь с китайцами по службе, наглости им не занимать. Но есть и такие. что уважают наши законы. Таких мало. Если Государство не уделит внимание Даль.востока и Сибири последствия будут плачебные.
Daywalker
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Они Вам конечно правду матушку и рубанули.БЧ-5 написал(а):
Но с системой пока есть сложности. Во-первых, на орбите пока находится не вся группировка спутников ГЛОНАСС. А часть тех, что уже запущены, находятся на профилактике. Например, буквально четыре дня назад начались перебои сразу на 7 спутниках. Один вообще вышел из строя.
Госдума решила, что закон вступит в силу с 2011 года. Так что у разработчиков пока есть время довести систему до ума.
http://www.kp.ru/daily/24236/436165/
marinel
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Daywalker, вы как всегда верите только американским СМИ, мне вас искренне жаль.Daywalker написал(а):
При крушении ударного вертолета Ми-24, которое произошло во вторник в учебном вертолетном полку в городе Пугачев Саратовской области, погибли выпускники Сызранского высшего военного авиационного училища летчиков, говорится в сообщении, размещенном на интернет-сайте вуза.
«Во время выполнения плановых полетов при выполнении простого пилотажа потерпел катастрофу вертолет Ми-24. Погибли командир экипажа лейтенант Карташев Илья Алексеевич, 2008 года выпуска, летчик-инструктор Сафонов Сергей Викторович 2002 года выпуска и бортовой техник Хубеев», – говорится в сообщении. :-( :-(
«Во время выполнения плановых полетов при выполнении простого пилотажа потерпел катастрофу вертолет Ми-24. Погибли командир экипажа лейтенант Карташев Илья Алексеевич, 2008 года выпуска, летчик-инструктор Сафонов Сергей Викторович 2002 года выпуска и бортовой техник Хубеев», – говорится в сообщении. :-( :-(
- Статус